Fluorescent Sensing for Evaluating Fluid Flow

ABSTRACT

Approaches for evaluating fluid flow based on fluorescent sensing is disclosed. In one approach, a nanoparticle injector is configured to inject nanoparticles into fluid flowing through a conduit. A detector is configured to determine a presence of the nanoparticles in the flow of the fluid. The detector can include a radiation source configured to irradiate the fluid with a target radiation and a fluorescent meter configured to measure an amount of fluorescence emitted from the fluid irradiated with the radiation. A control unit is configured to determine the flow of the fluid in the conduit as a function of the measured amount of fluorescence.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present patent application is a continuation application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/829,323, filed on 1 Dec. 2017, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/429,137, filedon 2 Dec. 2016, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates generally to evaluating the flow of fluid througha conduit carrying the fluid, and more specifically, to a solution forusing radiation, fluorescence, and nanoparticles, to evaluate the flowof the fluid in the conduit.

BACKGROUND ART

There are a multitude of approaches for evaluating the flow of fluidthrough a conduit. Blood vessels that carry the bloodstream of a livingbody such as a human or animal are one type of conduit where it isdesirable to evaluate the flow of fluid, as characteristics of the bloodflow in any given tissue are a good indicator of that tissue's health.Some conditions, like infection and inflammation, can lead to anincrease in local blood flow, whereas others, like atherosclerosis,heart failure, and diabetes, can cause a decrease. Precisely and evencontinuously monitoring blood flow enables doctors to better tailor careto individual patients and conditions.

Various devices are available for sensing parameters in the bloodstreamof a human such as the blood flow rate. The most common arrangement formeasuring the blood flow rate is by introducing a catheter including asensor element into body tissue of a patient. This approach is somewhatproblematic, since the sensor element may be positioned outside anintended blood vessel which can result in erroneous measurements. Otherapproaches involve minimally invasive monitoring of the blood flow ratebut these too suffer from inaccurate measurements.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This Summary Of The Invention introduces a selection of certain conceptsin a brief form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription Of The Invention. It is not intended to exclusively identifykey features or essential features of the claimed subject matter setforth in the Claims, nor is it intended as an aid in determining thescope of the claimed subject matter.

Aspects of the present invention are directed to evaluating the flow offluid through a conduit using radiation, fluorescence, andnanoparticles. The various embodiments of the present invention aresuitable for a multitude of different types of fluids which can includeliquids and gases. For example, the embodiments have utility with fluidsthat have some viscosity and are compressible in nature (e.g., petrol,kerosene), fluids that have some viscosity that is dependent ontemperature and pressure (e.g., water, air), plastic fluids, andbiological fluids. In addition, the various embodiments are suitable fora multitude of different types of conduits that can carry, distributeand transport fluids. For example, the conduits can include any vessels,channels, piping, and tubing that carry fluids. In one embodiment, bloodvessels (e.g., arteries, veins and capillaries) in a living body such asa human and animal can serve as a network of conduits that carrydistribute and transport a biological fluid such as blood throughout thebody.

A fluid flow evaluation system according to embodiments of the presentinvention can include a nanoparticle injector configured to injectnanoparticles into the fluid flowing through the conduit. Thenanoparticle injector can include, but is not limited to, a syringe. Thetype of nanoparticle injector that is used will depend on the type offluid, the conduit that is used to carry the fluid, as well as the typeof nanoparticles that are used for injection into the conduit.

The nanoparticles injected into the flow of the fluid in the conduit caninclude a variety of different types of nanoparticles. For example, thenanoparticles can vary by size, shape, and structure. In one embodiment,each of the nanoparticles can include a magnetic core and a fluorescentshell enclosing the magnetic core, such that the fluorescent shell isconfigured to have an emission of fluorescence in response to an appliedexternal magnetic field. In an embodiment in which the fluid is abiological fluid and the conduit is a vessel or network of vesselswithin a human body or animal body that circulates the fluid, thenanoparticles can be configured to bind to different cells within thebody. In another embodiment, the nanoparticles can include a dosage ofmedication that can be activated for delivery to specified sections ofthe body.

The fluid flow evaluation system according to embodiments of the presentinvention can further include a detector configured to determine thepresence of the nanoparticles at various locations within the conduit.In one embodiment, the detector can include a radiation sourceconfigured to irradiate the fluid with a target radiation. The radiationsource can include, but is not limited to, an ultraviolet radiationsource, a visible light source, an infrared source, and/or a terahertzradiation source. The detector can further include a fluorescent meterconfigured to measure an amount of fluorescence emitted from the fluidin response to being irradiated with the radiation. The fluorescentmeter can include, but is not limited to, a photodetector, a visiblelight camera, and/or a terahertz camera. In one embodiment, thefluorescent meter can sense a fluorescent signal emitted from the fluidin response to being irradiated with the radiation. Generally, thefluorescent signal is an indication of the presence of nanoparticles ata particular location that the detector is positioned about the conduit.The fluorescent meter can also record a time that the detector sensesthe presence of nanoparticles and a shape of an impulse response signalat the time of detection that is representative of the injection of theplurality of nanoparticles into the conduit at an injection site.

The nanoparticle injector and the detector can be positioned withrespect to each other in one of a variety of arrangements. In oneembodiment, the nanoparticle injector and the detector can be located inclose proximity to each other. In one embodiment, the nanoparticleinjector and the detector can be integrated with each other as amonolithic unit. In one embodiment, the radiation source and thefluorescent meter are spaced apart from each other by a predetermineddistance, wherein the predetermined distance is less than the fluid flowwithin the conduit multiplied by a fluorescence lifetime of theemittance fluorescence.

The fluid flow evaluation system according to embodiments of the presentinvention can further include a control unit configured to determine theflow of the fluid in the conduit as well as other parameters associatedwith the nanoparticles (e.g., density) as a function of the measuredamount of fluorescence. In one embodiment, the control unit candetermine the flow rate of the fluid through the conduit as a functionof a time that the nanoparticle injector injects and stops injecting thenanoparticles into the conduit, the shape of the impulse response signalat the injection site, the time that the detector detects the presenceof the nanoparticles, and/or the shape of the impulse response signal atthe time of detection. The control unit can determine the density of thenanoparticles in the fluid flow as a function of the shape of theimpulse response signal at the injection site and at the location of thedetector.

A fluid flow evaluation system according to one embodiment can include adetector that utilizes a fluid withdrawing device that is configured towithdraw a sample of fluid from the flow of the fluid. In this manner,the radiation source can irradiate the fluid withdrawn by the fluidwithdrawing device with the target radiation. The fluid withdrawingdevice can include, but is not limited to, a syringe. The type of fluidwithdrawing device that is used will depend on the type of fluid and theconduit that is used to carry the fluid, as well as the nanoparticlesthat are in the stream of fluid. In one embodiment, the radiation sourceand the fluorescent meter can be spaced apart from the fluid withdrawingdevice. In one embodiment, the radiation source and the fluorescentmeter can be integrated with the fluid withdrawing device.

The fluid flow evaluation systems of the various embodiments have a widevariety of applications of use. For example, the various fluid flowevaluation systems described herein can be used in a medical scenario toevaluate the flow of a biological fluid. In one embodiment, in which theblood vessels within a human or animal body serve as a network ofconduits that carry, distribute, and transport blood throughout thebody, the nanoparticle injector can inject the nanoparticles at aninjection site in the circulatory system that is proximate an arterythat supplies blood from the heart to other parts of the body, while thedetector can include a plurality of detectors that are located aboutdifferent positions accessing the network of blood vessels. Thenanoparticle injector and the detectors can take the form of medicalinstruments that are adapted for insertion with the blood vessels. Inone embodiment, the detectors can operate in vivo with the bloodvessels, wherein each radiation source irradiates radiation into thebloodstream and each fluorescent meter measures the fluorescence emittedfrom the blood. In one embodiment, the radiation source and thefluorescent meter of each detector can be integrated with a medicalinstrument adapted for insertion with the blood vessels, such that theradiation source and the fluorescent meter evaluate the blood afterirradiation into the stream through a waveguide and removal from thevessel with a device like a fluid withdrawing device.

The control unit can determine the flow of blood within the network ofblood vessels as a function of the measured amount of fluorescenceascertained by the detectors. In this manner, the control unit canevaluate the determined flow rate and the data from each of thedetectors with experimental data to ascertain an ability of the vesselsto transmit the blood through the network. In addition, the control unitcan ascertain the blood flow measurements at different body positions.In one embodiment, the control unit can determine an effect that certainexternal influences have on the flow of blood in the circulatory systemof a body, including but not limited to, the blood pressure, pulse rate,temperature, respiration, electrical activity from the heart, proximityto consumption of food, and/or administration of a medical modality.

A first aspect of the invention provides a system, comprising: ananoparticle injector configured to inject a plurality of nanoparticlesinto fluid flowing through a conduit; a detector configured to determinea presence of the nanoparticles in the fluid, the detector including: aradiation source configured to irradiate at least a portion of the fluidwith radiation; and a fluorescent meter configured to measure an amountof fluorescence emitted from the at least the portion of fluidirradiated with the radiation; and a control unit configured todetermine a set of attributes corresponding to a flow of the fluidthrough the conduit as a function of the measured amount offluorescence.

A second aspect of the invention provides a system, comprising: ananoparticle injector configured to inject a plurality of nanoparticlesinto a biological fluid flowing through a network of conduits at aninjection site; a plurality of detectors located about the network ofconduits, each detector configured to detect a presence of nanoparticlesin a location that the detector is positioned about the network ofconduits, each detector including: a fluid withdrawing device configuredto withdraw a sample of biological fluid from the flow of the biologicalfluid at the location that the detector is positioned; an ultravioletradiation source configured to irradiate the sample of biological fluidwithdrawn by the fluid withdrawing device with ultraviolet radiation;and a fluorescent meter configured to sense a fluorescent signal emittedfrom the sample of biological fluid irradiated with the ultravioletradiation, the fluorescent signal indicative of the presence ofnanoparticles at the location that the detector is positioned about thenetwork of conduits; and a control unit operatively coupled to thenanoparticle injector and the plurality of detectors to determine a flowrate of the fluid through the network of conduits, the control unitdetermining the flow rate of the fluid through the network of conduitsas a function of a time that the nanoparticle injector injects and stopsinjecting the plurality of nanoparticles into the network of conduits, ashape of an impulse response signal at the injection site, a time thateach of the plurality of detectors detects the presence of thenanoparticles, and a shape of an impulse response signal at the time ofdetection by each of the plurality of detectors.

A third aspect of the invention provides a system for evaluating fluidflow of a biological fluid moving through a network of vessels within abiological system of a human body, comprising: a nanoparticle injectorconfigured to inject a plurality of nanoparticles into the biologicalfluid flowing through the network of vessels at an injection site, eachof the nanoparticles including a dosage of medication attached thereto;a plurality of detectors located about the network of vessels, eachdetector configured to detect a presence of nanoparticles in a locationthat the detector is positioned about the network of vessels, eachdetector including: a fluid withdrawing device configured to withdraw asample of biological fluid from the flow of the biological fluid at thelocation that the detector is positioned; an ultraviolet radiationsource configured to irradiate the sample of biological fluid withdrawnby the withdrawing device with ultraviolet radiation; a fluorescentmeter configured to sense a fluorescent signal emitted from the sampleof biological fluid irradiated with the ultraviolet radiation, thefluorescent signal indicative of the presence of nanoparticles at thelocation that the detector is positioned; and a medication activationdevice that is configured to activate a release of the medication fromthe nanoparticles at the location that the detector is positioned aboutthe network of vessels; and a control unit operatively coupled to thenanoparticle injector and the plurality of detectors, the control unitconfigured to perform a fluorescent analysis of the sample of biologicalfluid in the network of conduits, the fluorescent analysis includingdetermining a flow rate of the biological fluid through the network ofvessels and a density of the nanoparticles in the fluid flow of thebiological fluid at each location that the plurality of detectors arepositioned about the network of vessels, the control unit furtherconfigured to direct the medication activation devices at specifiedlocations about the network of vessels to activate the release of themedication from the plurality of nanoparticles for absorption in thenetwork and transmission thereabout as a function of the fluorescenceanalysis.

The illustrative aspects of the invention are designed to solve one ormore of the problems herein described and/or one or more other problemsnot discussed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the disclosure will be more readilyunderstood from the following detailed description of the variousaspects of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings that depict various aspects of the invention.

FIG. 1A shows an illustrative heart with a blocked artery, while FIG. 1Bshows a schematic view of a fluid flow evaluation system for evaluatinga flow of fluid through a conduit having multiple branches according toan embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed view of a nanoparticle injector and adetector depicted in FIG. 1B according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of a detector having a radiation sourceand a fluorescent meter according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of a detector with a radiation source,a fluorescent meter, and a fluid withdrawing device as an integratedunit according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a detailed view of a detector with a radiation source and afluorescent meter operating in vivo with fluid flowing through a conduitaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of a fluid flow evaluation system forevaluating a flow of biological fluid through a network of blood vesselswith a nanoparticle injector that injects nanoparticles at an injectionsite and a plurality of detectors located about the network of vesselsaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates a graphical representation of an impulse responsesignal indicative of the injection of nanoparticles injected at theinjection site depicted in FIG. 6 and the spread of the signal inrelation to the time delay in which some of the detectors positionedalong the network of blood vessels in FIG. 6 detect the presence of thenanoparticles injected into the network according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic block diagram of a control unit operating witha fluid flow evaluation system like the one depicted in FIG. 6 thatincludes a nanoparticle injector that releases nanoparticles in anetwork of conduits and a plurality of detectors positioned about thenetwork to detect the presence of the nanoparticles, that performs afluorescent analysis to obtain fluid and nanoparticle metrics accordingto an embodiment.

FIGS. 9A-9B show schematic views of fluid flow evaluation systems forevaluating a flow of biological fluid in a human body at different bodypositions and levels of activity according to embodiments.

FIGS. 10A-10B show examples of different types of nanoparticles that canbe used with the various embodiments of fluid flow evaluation systemsdescribed herein.

FIGS. 11A-11B show examples of the nanoparticles depicted in FIGS.10A-10B, respectively, interacting with elements in the conduits inwhich the nanoparticles are flowing through according to embodiments.

FIG. 12 shows a nanoparticle having medication attached theretoaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 shows a fluid flow evaluation system with nanoparticles havingmedication as depicted in FIG. 12 in a vessel of a human or an animalthat is activated for release into the vessel with a medicationactivation device operating in conjunction with a detector according toan embodiment.

FIG. 14 shows a schematic block diagram representative of an overallprocessing architecture of a fluid flow evaluation system that isapplicable to any of the systems described herein according to anembodiment.

It is noted that the drawings may not be to scale. The drawings areintended to depict only typical aspects of the invention, and thereforeshould not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. In thedrawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As indicated above, aspects of the invention are directed to evaluatingthe flow of fluid through a conduit using radiation, fluorescence, andnanoparticles. As used herein, a fluid is a substance that continuallydeforms or flows under an applied shear stress. A fluid can be a liquid,gas, plasma, and to some extent, a plastic solid. The variousembodiments of the present invention are described in relation tobiological fluids, which as used herein means any bio-organic fluidproduced by an organism that can be excreted, secreted, obtained ordeveloped as a result of a pathological process. A non-exhaustive listof biological fluids includes blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid,sweat, tears, milk, etc. As used herein, biological fluids also includemedical fluids that are developed for and used in individual life forms.A non-exhaustive list of medical fluids that are covered by the termbiological fluid includes insulin, feed solutions, and injectable andintravenously supplied medication. Although the various embodiments aredirected to biological fluids, it is understood that aspects of theinvention are suitable for use with a multitude of different types offluids, including fluids that have some viscosity and are compressiblein nature (e.g., petrol, kerosene), fluids that have some viscosity butthat are dependent on temperature and pressure (e.g., water, air), andplastic fluids, and the corresponding conduits through which such fluidscan flow in a system.

The various embodiments of the present invention are described inrelation to the flow of biological fluids within conduits flowingthrough or into a living body such as a human or an animal. Generally,the conduits flowing through the living body can include any of themultitude of networks within the body where biological fluids flow. Forexample, the circulatory system of a body contains blood vessels (e.g.,arteries, veins, capillaries) in which blood is transported through thebody. Other fluid systems within a living body such as a human and ananimal can include, but are not limited to, the respiratory system whichtransports air, oxygen, and other gases to various parts of the body,the urinary system that eliminates waste from the body, and thelymphatic system that circulates lymph fluid through lymphatic vessels.All of these vessels and pathways within the body that carry, transport,and distribute biological fluids are analogous to conduits in which theaspects of the present invention are suitable for use therewith.Similarly, these aspects of the invention are applicable to conduitsassociated with medical instruments and devices (e.g., catheters,tubing, syringes, surgical tools, needles, etc.) that extract and/ordeliver biological fluids from/to any one of the systems in the body.Although the various embodiments of the present invention are directedto evaluating the flow of fluid through conduits associated withinternal vessels and channels within a living body or delivered to thesevessels and channels, the aspects of the invention are applicable toother conduits which can include, but are not limited to, otherchannels, piping, and tubing all of which can carry, distribute andtransport fluids.

As described below in more detail, the fluid flow evaluation systems ofthe various embodiments can evaluate the flow of the fluid usingradiation. Ultraviolet radiation is one form of radiation that the fluidflow evaluation systems of the various embodiments can use to evaluatethe flow of a fluid in a conduit. Ultraviolet radiation, which can beused interchangeably with ultraviolet light, means electromagneticradiation having a wavelength ranging from approximately 10 nm toapproximately 400 nm. Within this range, there is ultraviolet-A (UV-A)electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength ranging from approximately315 nm to approximately 400 nm, ultraviolet-B (UV-B) electromagneticradiation having a wavelength ranging from approximately 280 nm toapproximately 315 nm, and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) electromagnetic radiationhaving a wavelength ranging from approximately 100 nm to approximately280 nm.

As used herein, a material/structure is considered to be “reflective” toultraviolet light of a particular wavelength when the material/structurehas an ultraviolet reflection coefficient of at least 30 percent for theultraviolet light of the particular wavelength. A highly ultravioletreflective material/structure has an ultraviolet reflection coefficientof at least 80 percent. Furthermore, a material/structure/layer isconsidered to be “transparent” to ultraviolet radiation of a particularwavelength when the material/structure/layer allows at least ten percentof radiation having a target wavelength, which is radiated at a normalincidence to an interface of the material/structure/layer to pass therethrough. Also, unless otherwise noted, the term “set” means one or more(i.e., at least one) and the phrase “any solution” means any now knownor later developed solution.

The fluid flow evaluation systems of the various embodiments describedherein can include a number of components described herein in moredetail that facilitate the analysis and evaluation of the fluid within aconduit. The modalities used with the various fluid flow evaluationsystems described herein including its respective components can includeany now known or later developed approaches that incorporate theconcepts of the embodiments described below in more detail.

Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1B shows a schematic view of a fluid flowevaluation system 10 for evaluating a flow of fluid 12 through a conduit14 having multiple branches 16 according to an embodiment. In thisembodiment, as illustrated by FIG. 1A, the fluid 12 can include abiological fluid such as, for example, blood pumped through a conduit 14that can include a network, branches, or series of blood vessels coupledto a heart 18. As an example, the heart 18 depicted in FIG. 1A ischaracterized as having a healthy heart muscle and a dead heart musclewith cholesterol plaque buildup that has caused a blood clot that blocksa coronary artery. An example of the plaque buildup is shown in aportion of the vessel 14 and is designated with the reference element20. It is understood that FIGS. 1A-1B are only illustrative of onepossible scenario that is representative of a portion of a blood vessel,and is not meant to limit any of the various embodiments of the presentinvention, but instead is meant to explain a setting which theembodiments are suitable for use therein.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the fluid flow evaluation system 10 can include ananoparticle injector 22 that is configured to inject a plurality ofnanoparticles 24 into the fluid (e.g., blood) 12 flowing through theconduit (e.g., vessel) 14. The nanoparticle injector 22 can include, butis not limited to, a syringe. It is understood that the type ofnanoparticle injector 22 that is used will depend on the type of fluid12, the conduit 14, and the nanoparticles 24.

As used herein, nanoparticles means particles having a largest dimensionof one micron or less. The nanoparticles 24 as described herein in moredetail, e.g., with regard to FIGS. 10A-10B can vary by size, shape, andstructure. The nanoparticles 24 can be formed of any material that issafe for injection into the blood vessels of an animal, and moreparticularly, a human, at the desired dosing level. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1B, the nanoparticles 24 can be configured to bindwith antibodies that are typically present in the proximity of plaquebuildup 20 within the blood vessels 14. In another embodiment, thenanoparticles 24 can be configured to have medication that can beactivated for release in the proximity of the plaque buildup 20 withinthe proximity of the vessels. Details of these embodiments are describedherein in more detail, e.g., with respect to FIGS. 11A-11B, 12 and 13.In other embodiments which relate to use with one of the systems withina living body that supply, transport, and distribute biological fluids,the nanoparticles can be configured to bind to the antibodies that aretypically present in the proximity of cancer cells.

FIG. 1B shows that the fluid flow evaluation system 10 can furtherinclude a detector 26 that is configured to determine the presence ofthe nanoparticles 24 at various locations within the conduit (e.g.,vessel) 14. In one embodiment, the detector 26 can include a radiationsource 28 that is configured to irradiate the fluid 12 with a targetradiation. The radiation source 28 can include, but is not limited to,an ultraviolet radiation source that emits ultraviolet radiation, avisible light source that generates visible light, an infrared radiationsource that emits infrared radiation, and/or a terahertz radiationsource that generates terahertz radiation. Although FIG. 1B shows thedetector 26 with one radiation source 28, it is understood that morethan one radiation source can be used such as for example, an array ofradiation sources. Also, it is understood that one or more of theabove-identified radiation sources can operate in conjunction toirradiate the fluid 12 with radiation. These radiation sources can belocated at the same position or at varying locations.

In one embodiment, the radiation source 28 utilized with the detector 26can include at least one ultraviolet radiation source that emitsultraviolet radiation towards the biological fluid 12. The ultravioletradiation source can include any combination of one or more ultravioletradiation emitters. Examples of ultraviolet radiation emitters caninclude, but are not limited to, high intensity ultraviolet lamps (e.g.,high intensity mercury lamps), discharge lamps, ultraviolet lightemitting diodes (UV LEDs), super luminescent LEDs, laser diodes, and/orthe like. In one embodiment, the ultraviolet radiation source caninclude an ultraviolet light emitting diode that includes a solid statesemiconductor device based on a group III nitride semiconductormaterial. In one embodiment, the ultraviolet radiation source caninclude a set of LEDs manufactured with one or more layers of materialsselected from the group III nitride material system (e.g.,Al_(x)In_(y)Ga_(1-x-y)N, where 0≤x, y≤1, and x+y≤1 and/or alloysthereof). Additionally, the ultraviolet radiation source can compriseone or more additional components (e.g., a wave guiding structure, acomponent for relocating and/or redirecting ultraviolet radiationemitter(s), etc.) to direct and/or deliver the emitted radiation to aparticular location/area, in a particular direction, in a particularpattern, and/or the like. Illustrative wave guiding structures include,but are not limited to, a wave guide, a plurality of ultraviolet fibers,each of which terminates at an opening, a diffuser, and/or the like.

The ultraviolet radiation source(s) can be configured to operate at anumber of wavelengths. For example, in one embodiment, the ultravioletradiation source(s) can be configured to operate at a wavelength thatranges from about 260 nm to about 310 nm, with 250 nm to 290 nm being apreferred range. In one embodiment, in which the detector 26 utilizesmore than one ultraviolet radiation source, these sources can beconfigured to function in a coordinated manner. For example, theultraviolet radiation sources can operate at the same wavelengths andintensities for the same duration, or the sources can operate atdifferent wavelengths and intensity for varying durations. In oneembodiment, several different types of nanoparticles can be injectedinto a fluid channel within a person's body (such as a blood vessel).Each type of nanoparticle can have a corresponding fluorescence and canbe excited by a particular ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV radiationexcitation. In an embodiment, for efficient excitation of all thenanoparticles present, several sources operating at differentwavelengths and intensities can be used. In an embodiment, thenanoparticles can be fabricated to have particular surface properties,with each type of nanoparticle traveling at a particular rate throughthe fluid channel. In this case, a first set of ultraviolet radiationsources can operate at a target wavelength and intensity that isdesigned to irradiate a first type of nanoparticle, while a second setof ultraviolet radiation sources can operate at a different targetwavelength and intensity that is designed to irradiate a second type ofnanoparticle.

The detector 26 can further include a fluorescent meter 30 that isconfigured to measure an amount of fluorescence emitted from the fluid12 irradiated with the radiation. The fluorescent meter 30 can include,but is not limited to, a photodetector, a visible light camera, and/or aterahertz camera. In one embodiment, the fluorescent meter 30 can sensea fluorescent signal emitted from the fluid 12 in response to beingirradiated with the radiation. The fluorescent signal is an indicationof the presence of nanoparticles 24 at a particular location that thedetector 26 is positioned about the network of vessels 14. Thefluorescent meter 30 and/or the control unit 32 can also record a timethat the fluorescent meter 30 senses the presence of nanoparticles and ashape of an impulse response signal at the time of detection. As usedherein, an impulse response signal is a signal having a beginning and anending, which can be characterized, for example, by a packet ofnanoparticles released into a fluid stream. In the various embodimentsdescribed herein, the impulse response signal is representative of theinjection of the plurality of nanoparticles 24 into the fluid 12 flowingthrough the conduit 14 at an injection site.

The positioning of the radiation source 28 and the fluorescence meter 30can include one of a number of different configurations. For example,the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can be spaced apartfrom each other by a predetermined distance. In one embodiment, thepredetermined distance is less than the fluid flow within the conduit(e.g., vessel) 14 multiplied by a fluorescence lifetime of the emittancefluorescence emitted from a nanoparticle irradiated by radiation fromthe radiation source 28. In one embodiment, the radiation source 28 andthe fluorescent meter 30 can be integrated with each other as amonolithic unit. In one embodiment, the radiation source 28 and thefluorescent meter 30 can take the form of two separate units thatconstitute the detector 26. These two separate units can be separated bya predetermined distance along the conduit 14. For example, in theembodiment depicted in FIG. 1B, the radiation source 28 and thefluorescent meter 30 can have a separation distance that ranges from 100nanometers to 100 microns. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatthe selected difference separating the radiation source 28 and thefluorescent meter 30 is variable and will depend on the particularapplication of use of the flow evaluation system.

The positioning of the nanoparticle injector 22 and the detector 26 canalso include one of a number of different configurations. For example,the nanoparticle injector 22 and the detector 26 can be located in closeproximity to each other. As used in this context, “in close proximity”means within a range between a few millimeters to a few centimeters(i.e., five centimeters or less). In another embodiment, thenanoparticle injector 22 and the detector 26 can be integrated with eachother as a monolithic unit. In this manner, the nanoparticle injector 22and the detector 26 can be adjacent to each in a monolithic unit.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the fluid flow evaluation system 10 can include acontrol unit 32 that is configured to determine a presence of thenanoparticles in the conduit 14 as a function of the measured amount offluorescence by the detector 26. In one embodiment, the control unit 32can determine the flow rate of the fluid 12 through the conduits 14. Forexample, the control unit 32 can determine the flow rate of the fluid 12through the conduit 14 as a function of a time that the nanoparticleinjector 22 injects and stops injecting the plurality of nanoparticles24 into the conduit 14, the shape of the impulse response signal at theinjection site, the time that the detector 26 detects the presence ofthe nanoparticles, and the shape of the impulse response signal at thetime of detection by the detector.

In one embodiment, the control unit 32 can include a timer to operate inconjunction with the nanoparticle injector 22 and the detector 26. Thetimer can record the time that the nanoparticle injector 22 injects thenanoparticles into the fluid 12 flowing through the conduit 14. Thetimer can also record the time that the nanoparticle injector 22 stopsinjecting the nanoparticles into the fluid 12 and the time that thedetector 26 detects the presence of the nanoparticles in the fluid 12based on the emittance measurements obtained by the fluorescent meter30. In addition, the timer can record the shape of the impulse responsesignal at the injection site and the shape of the impulse responsesignal at the time of detection by the detector.

The control unit 32 is also configured to detect a density of thenanoparticles in the fluid flow at the location that the detector ispositioned about the network of conduits 14. In general, the controlunit 32 can determine the density of the nanoparticles in the fluid flowas a function of the shape of the impulse response signal at theinjection site and the location of the detector. More specifically, thecontrol unit 32 can infer the density of nanoparticles from thefluorescence intensity of the fluid at the location of the detector atthe time of measurement.

In one embodiment, the nanoparticle injector 22, the detector 26including the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30, and thecontrol unit 32 can operate in conjunction to analyze and evaluate thebiological fluid 12 (e.g., blood) that is flowing through the network ofconduits 14 (e.g., blood vessels) in the following manner. First, thetimer of the control unit 32 will record the time that the nanoparticleinjector 22 starts releasing the nanoparticles in the fluid 12 flowingthrough the network of conduits 14. Next, the timer will record the timethat the nanoparticle injector 22 stops releasing the nanoparticles intothe fluid 12. The timer will then record the time that the detector 26detects the arrival or presence of nanoparticles at the detector. Basedon this information the control unit 32 can then determine the flow ofthe fluid 12. In particular, the control unit 32 determines the flow ofthe fluid 12 by measuring the time between the release and detection ofnanoparticles and a known distance between the release location and thedetector location. In general, the detection is based on thefluorescence intensity.

In addition to determining the flow of the fluid 12, the control unit 32can determine the density of the nanoparticles in the aforementionedmanner. After determining the density of the particles, the control unit32 can compare the density to a predetermined threshold value which isindicative of how the nanoparticles are spreading throughout the fluidchannel as they travel from the injector to the detector. For instance,if nanoparticles do not significantly spread as they travel, thedetector will receive a high intensity fluorescent signal followed by anabrupt termination of such signal. In cases when nanoparticlessignificantly spread, the fluorescent signal will be wide and slowlydecaying through time during measurement. In one embodiment, the timercan record the time that the nanoparticle density decreases below thepredetermined threshold value. The control unit 32 can use this timethat the nanoparticle density is less than the predetermined thresholdto determine that most nanoparticles have been detected. For instance,the threshold value can be 1-5% of a maximum fluorescent value at thepeak of fluorescent detection.

After making the above determinations, the control unit 32 can evaluatethe flow rate and the data based thereon from the detector withexperimental data to ascertain an ability of the network of conduits 14to transmit the biological fluid 12 there through. In one embodiment,the experimental data can be obtained by comparing the measurements withsimilar measurements from one or more representative networks ofconduits, e.g., from healthy subjects. In one embodiment, the controlunit 32 can ascertain the ability of the network of conduits 14 totransmit the biological fluid from the measured data and theexperimental data by comparing the flow rates between the present andrepresentative networks of conduits. In addition, the flow rates can befurther correlated with other medical observations, such as observationsfrom the catheter, ultrasound, CAT scan, or MRI.

It is understood that the control unit 32 can perform a multitude ofother functions. For example, the control unit 32 can control theirradiation of the fluid 12 with the radiation by the radiation source28. In one embodiment, the control unit 32 can direct the radiationsource 28 by controlling a plurality of operating parameters forirradiating the fluid. The operating parameters can include a wavelengthof the radiation that is emitted from the radiation source 28, anintensity or dosage of the radiation delivered to the biological fluidby the radiation source and a treatment time that the source deliversthe radiation to the biological fluid. Other parameters can include apower setting for operating the radiation source 28, and a maximumoperating temperature of the radiation source.

In one embodiment, the control unit 32 can manage the duration that theradiation source is on for a particular application and ensure thatradiation is applied to the biological fluid for that duration. Theduration and frequency treatment that the radiation source is utilizedcan depend on detected condition signals provided to the control unit bythe fluorescent meter 30 and the nanoparticle injector 22. In general,activating the operation of the radiation source 26 by the control unit32 can include specifying any combination of one or more of theoperating parameters (e.g., wavelength, intensity or dosage, and atreatment time). Other operating parameters can include an angulardistribution of the radiation transmitted from the radiation source, apower setting for operating the radiation source, and a maximumoperating temperature for the irradiation. It is understood that theseoperating parameters are illustrative of some of the parameters that canbe set by the control unit 32 and is not meant to be limiting as otherparameters exist which may be specified.

During operation of the radiation source 28, the control unit 32 can beused to control at least one of a plurality of predetermined radiationcharacteristics associated with the radiation emitted from the radiationsource. The predetermined radiation characteristics that can becontrolled by the control unit 32 can include wavelength, intensity,duration, and/or the like.

The control unit 32 can also include a wireless transmitter and receiverthat is configured to communicate with a remote location via WiFi,BLUETOOTH, and/or the like. As used herein, a remote location is alocation that is physically apart from the fluid flow evaluation system.For example, a remote computer can be used to transmit operationalinstructions to the wireless transmitter and receiver. The operationalinstructions can be used to program functions performed and managed bythe control unit 32. In another embodiment, the wireless transmitter andreceiver can transmit evaluation results to the remote computer.

The control unit 32 can include an input component and an outputcomponent to allow a user to interact with the fluid flow evaluationsystem 10 and the control unit, and to receive information therefrom. Inone embodiment, the input component can permit a user to adjust at leastone of the aforementioned plurality of operating parameters. In oneembodiment, the input component can include a set of buttons and/or atouch screen to enable a user to specify various input selectionsregarding the operating parameters. In one embodiment, the outputcomponent can include a visual display for providing status informationon the evaluation of the fluid, a simple visual indicator that displayswhether an evaluation is underway (e.g., an illuminated light) or if theevaluation is over (e.g., absence of an illuminated light).

It is understood that the fluid flow evaluation system 10 can includeother sensors in addition to the fluorescent meter 30 that are used withthe detector 26. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the typeand amount of sensors will depend on the type fluid that is beingevaluated, the type of conduit that is carrying the fluid, as well asthe application that the fluid flow evaluation system is being used in.Examples of other sensors that can be used include, but are not limitedto, a temperature sensor, a chemical sensor, a radiation sensor (e.g.,an ultraviolet dose counter or meter), a transparency sensor, abacterial fluorescence sensor, etc. Each of these sensors could detectthe level or amount of a particular parameter that each is intended tomeasure and send signals thereof to the control unit 32 which cancontrol and monitor the operations performed by the fluid evaluationsystem 10. For example, a temperature sensor can detect the temperatureof the fluid 12, a chemical sensor can detect a level of a particularchemical that is present in the fluid, a radiation sensor can detect alevel of radiation that is present in the fluid, and a transparencysensor can evaluate the transparency of the fluid within the conduit.These sensors can be deployed along with any of the aforementioned typesof radiation sources in any desired configuration.

The fluid evaluation system 10 can further include a power source thatis configured to power each of the nanoparticle injector 22, thedetector 26 including the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter30, and the control unit 32. In one embodiment, the power source cantake the form of one or more batteries, a vibration power generator thatcan generate power based on magnetic inducted oscillations or stressesdeveloped on a piezoelectric crystal. In another embodiment, the powersource can include a super capacitor that is rechargeable. Other powercomponents that are suitable for use as the power source for the fluidevaluation system 10 and the control unit can include a mechanicalenergy to electrical energy converter such as a piezoelectric crystal,and a rechargeable device.

It is understood that the control unit 32 can be implemented within thefluid evaluation system 10 in one of a multitude of implementations. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 1B, the control unit 32 can be configured as aseparate component that operates in conjunction with the nanoparticleinjector 22 and the detector 26 including the radiation source 28 andthe fluorescent meter 30. In one embodiment, the control unit 32 can beimplemented in a functionally distributed manner with the nanoparticleinjector 22 and the detector 26. For example, a portion of the controlunit 32 can be implemented with both the nanoparticle injector 22 andthe detector 26 to perform functions specific to those components. Inone embodiment, this distributed arrangement of the control unit 32 canbe extended to having a portion that is remote from the fluid evaluationsystem 10 to receive and transmit information to the decentralizedportions of the control unit that reside with the nanoparticle injector22 and the detector 26.

The fluid evaluation system 10 heretofore is described with the detector26 including only the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30,however, it is understood that the detector can include other componentsas can the fluid evaluation system 10. For example, the detector 26 caninclude a fluid withdrawing device 34 that is configured to withdraw asample portion of the fluid 12 from the flow of the fluid in the conduit14. In this manner, the fluid withdrawing device 34, which can include,but is not limited to, a syringe, can operate in conjunction with theradiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30. For example, theradiation source 28 can be configured to irradiate the fluid 12withdrawn by the fluid withdrawing device 34 with radiation, while thefluorescent meter 30 can collect the fluorescent emissions from thenanoparticles upon being irradiated. The data collected and obtained bythe fluid withdrawing device 34, the radiation source 28, and thefluorescent meter 30 can be used by the control unit 32 to ascertain theflow rate of the fluid and the density of the nanoparticles. In oneembodiment, the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can bespaced apart from the fluid withdrawing device 34. In anotherembodiment, the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can beintegrated with the fluid withdrawing device 34 as schematicallydepicted in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed view of the nanoparticle injector 22 andthe detector 26 depicted in FIG. 1B according to an embodiment. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 2, the nanoparticle injector 22 and thedetector 26 are integrated in a monolithic unit 36 in close proximity(e.g., 1 cm apart or less) to each other within the unit. By having thenanoparticle injector 22 and the detector 26 in close proximity, thedetector 26 can measure the differential flow speed of the fluid 12 inthe conduit 14. In this embodiment, the nanoparticle injector 22 caninject the nanoparticles 24 into the fluid 12 flowing through theconduit 14, while the detector 26 irradiates the fluid with radiationemitted from a radiation source 28 (not shown in FIG. 2) and thefluorescent meter 30 (not shown in FIG. 2) measures the fluorescenceemitted from the irradiated particles. The control unit 32 (not shown inFIG. 2) can determine the flow rate of the fluid and the density of thenanoparticles at the location of the detector 26 based on thefluorescence measurements. The control unit 32 can determine thedifferential flow speed by calculating how quickly the nanoparticlesarrive at the detector.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment in which the differential flowspeed of the fluid 12 can be measured at a location of the conduit 14.In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the detector 26 is shown with a radiationsource 28 and a fluorescent meter 30. That is, the radiation source 28and the fluorescent meter 30 form two separate units within themonolithic detector 26. Fluid may, or may not, be withdrawn at thelocation of the fluorescent meter 30. As shown in FIG. 3, the radiationsource 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can be separated from each otherin the detector 26 by a distance 38 that maintains the components withinclose proximity (e.g., 1 cm apart or less). Like other embodimentsdescribed herein, the radiation source 28 can illuminate thenanoparticles 24 with the target light radiation and the fluorescentmeter 30 can detect fluorescence from the nanoparticles because thenanoparticles 24 can have prolonged fluorescence after being irradiatedat a target radiation at a first location. In one embodiment, theradiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can be spaced apartfrom each other by a predetermined distance 38 that is less than thefluid flow within the conduit 12 multiplied by the fluorescence lifetimeof the emitted fluorescence. This spacing relationship between theradiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 can be a fewmillimeters up to a few centimeters (i.e., five centimeters or less).

FIG. 4 shows a more detailed view of the detector 26 with a radiationsource 28, a fluorescent meter 30 and a fluid withdrawing device 34 asan integrated unit according to an embodiment. In this embodiment, theradiation source 28, the fluorescent meter 30 and the fluid withdrawingdevice 34 operate in the manner described herein. For example, theradiation source 28 can irradiate the fluid 12 with radiation after thefluid withdrawing device 34 has withdrawn fluid 12 from a conduit, andthe fluorescent meter 30 measures the fluorescence emitted from theirradiated particles. The exploded view of these components as depictedin FIG. 4 shows that the fluid withdrawing device 34 can include achannel 40 to direct the fluid 12 to the radiation source 28 and thefluorescent meter 30. It is understood that the fluid withdrawing device34 can include other types of passageways that can direct the fluid 12to the radiation source 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 besides thechannel 40.

The detector 26 illustrated in FIG. 4 is well suited for use in manyscenarios. For example, the detector 26 can be used in a fluid flowevaluation system in which blood flows in the blood vessels of a livingbody. In one embodiment, the fluid withdrawing device 34 can withdrawblood from a location that is “downstream” of an injection site in whichnanoparticles are injected into the blood vessels. The radiation source28 can irradiate the withdrawn blood with radiation such as ultravioletradiation, and the fluorescent meter 30 can measure the fluorescenceemitted from the irradiated particles. The control unit can receive thedata from the detector 26 and can make several assessments therefromsuch as, but not limited to, the flow rate of the blood, the density ofthe nanoparticles, and/or the like.

In scenarios in which the detector is used in a fluid evaluation systemto evaluate blood, it may not be preferable to constantly draw andanalyze blood for fluid analysis by the radiation source 28 and thefluorescent meter 30 which are located away from the network of bloodvessels. In one embodiment, the fluid withdrawing device 34, theradiation source 28, and the fluorescent meter 30 can operate in vivowith the blood vessels. For example, FIG. 5 shows a detailed view of adetector 42 with a radiation source 28 and a fluorescent meter 30operating in vivo with fluid such as blood flowing through a conduitlike a blood vessel according to an embodiment. In one embodiment, thedetector 42 can be incorporated in a medical instrument 44 that isadapted for insertion with the vessel 14. That is, both the radiationsource 28 and the fluorescent meter 30 of the detector 42 can beintegrated within the medical instrument 44. In one embodiment, themedical instrument 44 can include a blood collection device having aneedle tip 46 that inserts into a blood vessel and a blood holdingcompartment that holds the blood.

As shown in FIG. 5, the detector 42 including the radiation source 28and the fluorescent meter 30, can be incorporated into the needle tip 46of the medical instrument 44. In one embodiment, a waveguide 48 canwaveguide the radiation 50 emitted from the radiation source 28, whichcan be an ultraviolet radiation source, to the biological fluid (e.g.,the blood) flowing through the vessel 14. The material forming thewaveguide 48 can include, but is not limited to, a SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaF₂,MgF₂, and/or other ultraviolet transparent media. As used herein, “towaveguide the radiation,” “to light guide,” or “wave guiding theradiation” means a mechanism by which radiation is guided from onelocation (e.g., an inlet of the waveguide) to another location (e.g., anoutlet of the waveguide) without significant attenuation of theradiation.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, the waveguide 48 can waveguide theradiation 50 such as ultraviolet radiation from the radiation source 28,which can be an ultraviolet radiation source, to the blood 12 in thevessel, and the fluorescent meter 30 can be positioned within the needletip 46 to measure the reflected signals from the nanoparticles 24 in theblood 12 of the vessel 14. In an alternative embodiment, an ultravioletradiation source can be replaced with, or used in conjunction with atleast one of a visible light source, an infrared radiation source, or aterahertz radiation source. As a result, the fluorescent meter 30 can bereplaced with, or used in conjunction another type of fluorescentcollector that is better suited for a visible light source, an infraredradiation source, and/or a terahertz radiation source, such as a visiblelight camera, an infrared camera, or a terahertz camera, respectively.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic view of a fluid flow evaluation system 52 forevaluating a flow of biological fluid through a network 54 of bloodvessels 14 with a nanoparticle injector 22 that injects nanoparticles 24at an injection site 56 and a plurality of detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B,26C, 26D, 26E) located about the network of vessels according to anembodiment. In this embodiment, the nanoparticle injector 22 can injectthe nanoparticles 24 into the blood flowing through the network of bloodvessels 14 at the injection site 56 such as an artery near the heart 58of a human 60. As shown in FIG. 6, the detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B,26C, 26D, 26E) can be located about the network 54 of blood vessels 14at various locations that provide access to the vessels in thecirculatory system of the human 60. In this manner, each detector 26(e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, 26E) can detect a presence of nanoparticles24 in a location that the detector is positioned about the network 54 ofblood vessels 14. It is understood that the number of detectors 26depicted in FIG. 6 is only illustrative of one arrangement and is notmeant to limit this embodiment or others described herein. For example,the fluid flow evaluation system 52 could deploy more or less detectors26 than the number depicted in FIG. 6. Furthermore, a lower portion(e.g., legs and feet) of the human 60 which is not depicted in FIG. 6could have detectors 26 to detect the presence of nanoparticles 24 inthe portion of the network 54 of blood vessels 14. Also, it isunderstood that the nanoparticle injector 22 can be situated in anotherlocation relative to the heart 58.

In one embodiment, each of the detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D,26E) can have a fluid withdrawing device, a radiation source, and afluorescent meter. For clarity, these components of the detectors 26 arenot depicted in FIG. 6. As noted herein with regard to otherembodiments, the fluid withdrawing device can withdraw a sample portionof blood from the flow of the bloodstream at the location that eachdetector is positioned. The radiation source associated with eachdetector, which can include an ultraviolet radiation source, canirradiate the blood withdrawn by the fluid withdrawing device with atarget ultraviolet radiation. The fluorescent meter of each detector cansense a fluorescent signal emitted from the blood irradiated with theultraviolet radiation. The fluorescent signal is indicative of thepresence of nanoparticles 24 at the location that the detector ispositioned about the network 54 of blood vessels 14. The fluorescentmeter and/or the control unit 32 (not shown in FIG. 6) can be furtherconfigured to note a time that a detector 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D,26E) senses the presence of nanoparticles 24 and a shape of an impulseresponse signal at the time of detection that is representative of theinjection of the plurality of nanoparticles into the network of conduitsat the injection site 56.

Although not depicted in FIG. 6, the fluid flow evaluation system 52 canfurther include a control unit 32 that is operatively coupled to thenanoparticle injector 22 and the plurality of detectors 26 (e.g., 26A,26B, 26C, 26D, 26E) to determine a flow rate of the blood through thenetwork 54 of blood vessels 14. The control unit can determine the flowrate of the fluid through the network 54 of blood vessels 14 as afunction of a time that the nanoparticle injector 22 injects and stopsinjecting the nanoparticles 24 into the network, the shape of theimpulse response signal at the injection site 56, the time that each ofthe detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, 26E) detects the presence ofthe nanoparticles, and the shape of the impulse response signal at thetime of detection by each of the detectors.

While the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 6 includes a singlenanoparticle injector 22 and multiple detectors 26, it is understoodthat embodiments can include multiple nanoparticle injectors 22. Forexample, in an alternative embodiment, multiple nanoparticle injectors22 can be located throughout various locations of network 54 of bloodvessels 14, with each nanoparticle injector 22 injecting nanoparticlesinto the blood vessels 14 that can be distinguished from thenanoparticles injected from other nanoparticle injectors 22. One or moredetectors 26 can detect the nanoparticles as they arrive at acorresponding location in the network 54 of blood vessels 14 anddetermine from which location the nanoparticles were injected.

FIG. 7 illustrates a graphical representation of an impulse responsesignal S22 indicative of the injection of the nanoparticles 24 injectedat the injection site 56 depicted in FIG. 6 and the spread of the inputsignal W22 in relation to the time delay T26A, T26B in which some of thedetectors 26 (26A and 26B, respectively) positioned along the network 54of blood vessels 14 in FIG. 6 detect the presence of the nanoparticlesinjected into the network according to an embodiment. As noted herein,the control unit 32 can include a timer that can record the time thatthe nanoparticle injector 22 injects the nanoparticles 24 into the bloodflowing through the blood vessels 14. The timer can also record the timethat the nanoparticle injector 22 stops injecting the nanoparticles intothe blood and the time that each of the detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B,26C, 26D, 26E) detects the presence of the nanoparticles in the bloodbased on the emittance measurements obtained by the fluorescent meter 30of each detector. In addition, the timer can record the shape of theimpulse response signal S22 at the injection site 56 and the shape ofthe impulse response signal S26A, S26B at the time of detection by thedetectors. The time delays T26A, T26B can be measured based on the timedifference between the peak of the impulse response signal 22 in at theinjection site 56 and the peak of the impulse response signal S26A,S26B, at each detector. In one embodiment, these impulse responsesignals recorded from the timer can take the form of a train of signalsthat are obtained from a source (e.g., the nanoparticle injector) andcollected by one or more detectors.

FIG. 7 illustrates the time shift or delay that it takes the impulseresponse signal S22 to travel from the injection site 56 to thelocations that the detectors 26A and 26B are positioned about thenetwork 54 of blood vessels 14 and be detected. In addition, FIG. 7shows how the shape of the impulse response signal S22 changes from theinjection site 56 to the detection by detectors 26A and 26B. Inparticular, FIG. 7 shows that the impulse response signal S22 has anarrow spread W22 with a tall peak, in relation to the shape of theimpulse response signal S26A at detector 26A which includes a widerspread W26A with a smaller peak, and the shape of the impulse responsesignal S26B at detector 26B which includes a spread W26B that is widerthan the spread W22 obtained from the injection site 56 but narrowerthan the spread W26A obtained from the detector 26A, and a peak that issmaller than the peak of the impulse response signal S22 obtained fromthe injection site 56, but taller than the peak of the impulse responsesignal S26A obtained from the detector 26A. Generally, these differencescan indicate the flow rate of the nanoparticles through the network ofblood vessels and/or the sizes of blood vessels within the network. Inparticular, both the flow of blood and the blood vessel sizes affect allthe parameters such as phase shift, the peak amplitude, and the impulsespread, of the injected nanoparticles.

In addition, control unit 32 can perform a fluorescence analysis on thedata obtained from the nanoparticle injector 22 and the detectors 26(e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, 26E) to obtain various metric information.For example, the control unit 32 can determine the flow of the fluid 12.The control unit 32 can also determine the density of the nanoparticles24 in the blood at the location that each detector is positioned aboutthe network 54 of vessels 14. After making the above determinations, thecontrol unit 32 can evaluate the flow rate and the data based thereonfrom the detectors 26 (e.g., 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, 26E) with experimentaldata to ascertain an ability of the network of vessels 14 to transmitthe blood.

FIG. 8 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating operation of thecontrol unit 32 in a fluid flow evaluation system like the one depictedin FIG. 6 that includes a nanoparticle injector 22 that releasesnanoparticles in a network of vessels and a plurality of detectors 26(26A, 26B, . . . 26N) positioned about the network to detect thepresence of the nanoparticles, that performs a fluorescent analysis thatis used to obtain fluid and nanoparticle metrics according toembodiment. In particular, FIG. 8 schematically shows that the controlunit 32 controls the operation of the nanoparticle injector 22 and thedetectors 26 (26A, 26B, . . . 26N). This can include recording the timethat the nanoparticle injector 22 injects nanoparticles into the networkof vessels at an injection site, the time that the injector stopsinjecting the nanoparticles, and the time that each of the detectorssenses the presence of the nanoparticles in the fluid (as provided bythe corresponding detector or derived from data acquired from thedetector). In addition, the schematic block diagram of FIG. 8illustrates the data exchange relationship between the control unit 32and the detectors 26 (26A, 26B, . . . 26N). This data exchangerelationship between the control unit 32 and the detectors 26 caninclude, but is not limited to, one or more of: providing informationpertaining to the detected fluorescence in the fluid, the location ofthe detected nanoparticles within the vessels, feedback on theoperational settings of the radiation sources, the train of impulseresponse signals including signal height and spread, the size of thenanoparticles, and modification changes to be implemented by thedetectors.

FIGS. 9A-9B show schematic views of fluid flow evaluation systems forevaluating a flow of biological fluid in a human body at different bodypositions and levels of activity according to an embodiment. Inparticular, FIG. 9A shows a fluid flow evaluation system 62 used with ahuman 60 in a bent body position in which the person is touching hertoes. The fluid flow evaluation system 62 like others disclosed hereincan include a nanoparticle injector 22 that can inject nanoparticlesinto a fluid flowing through a network of conduits at an injection site,and one or more detectors 26 located about the network of conduits todetect a presence of nanoparticles in the fluid at the location that thedetectors are positioned. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle injector22 of the fluid flow evaluation system 62 can inject nanoparticles intoblood of the blood vessels that are part of the circulatory system ofthe human 60, while the detectors 26 can detect the presence of theparticles in the blood vessels. Although FIG. 9A does not show a controlunit, it is understood that this component can be used with thenanoparticle injector 22 and the detectors 26 to make variousdeterminations which can include, but are not limited to, determiningthe blood flow, determining nanoparticle density, performing afluorescence analysis, comparing results obtained from various positionsof the human with experimental data obtained from those positions forthe person 60, as well as other persons undergoing similar evaluations.

FIG. 9B shows a fluid flow evaluation system 64 that can be used toobtain biological fluid information from a human 60 during forms ofexertion or physical stress. For example, the fluid flow evaluationsystem 64 can be used while the person 60 undergoes a stress test suchas an exercise cardiogram to determine the presence of heart disease. Asshown in FIG. 9B, the person 60 is walking or running on a treadmill 66and is evaluated to see how his or her heart responds to the exercise.During this exercise cardiogram, electrical activity measurementsobtained from a heart of the person via probes 68 can be monitored ascan the blood pressure and pulse of the person through use of a bloodpressure monitor 70. It is understood that other measurements can beobtained such as, but not limited to, temperature measurements andrespiration measurements (e.g., oxygen levels).

In one embodiment, the fluid flow evaluation system 64 can operate inconjunction with the exercise cardiogram and the measurements obtainedtherefrom. For example, the fluid flow evaluation system 64, which caninclude the aforementioned components such as a nanoparticle injector22, detectors 26 having radiation sources 28 and fluorescent meters 30,and a control unit 32, can obtain biological fluid flow informationduring the exercise cardiogram. In this manner, the control unit 32 cancorrelate biological fluid flow measurements such as blood flow with theother measurements (blood pressure, pulse, etc.) obtained during theexercise cardiogram. This can be useful in examining the flexibility ofblood vessels during the exercise. It is understood that the exercisecardiogram is illustrative of only one possible stress test in which thefluid flow evaluation system 64 can be used, and those skilled in theart will appreciate that the system can be implemented with a variety ofmedical tests that a person or an animal can undergo for medicalevaluation.

In general, the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9B demonstrate a fewscenarios in which the fluid evaluation systems described herein can beused in combination with various body positions, exertion tests, and thelike, to ascertain how external factors can influence the flow ofbiological fluids within a living body. The examples described withregard to FIGS. 9A-9B represent only a few of the possible externalfactors that can influence the flow of biological fluids in a livingbody such as a human or an animal. Other factors that could be used withany of the various fluid flow evaluation systems to determine the effecton the flow of biological fluids can include, but are not limited to,proximity to meals, administration of drugs or gases, such as oxygen toa person under test, etc.

Having the capability to evaluate the flow of biological fluid in aliving body at different body positions and different exercise levels asillustrated by the fluid flow evaluation systems 62, 64 of FIGS. 9A and9B can be beneficial because it indicates the performance of the fluidchannels within the body. For example, the flow of blood within thevessels can indicate the health of the blood vessels within the body,and changes in the flow during physical activity can indicate the vesselhealth. For instance, changes in the flow can indicate vesselflexibility and an ability to dilate during physical activity. Bychanging a person's body position, the fluid flow within the person isfurther influenced by gravity and various stresses on the body due tothe changes. Observing fluid flow (such as blood flow to changes in bodypositions), while the person has a bent body position in which theperson is touching his/her toes is only illustrative of various bodypositions that can be utilized. It is understood that those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the system is applicable to other bodypositions that may be helpful in ascertaining information regarding thewell-being of a living body such as a human or animal, e.g., informationrelating to the health of the blood vessels within the body.

FIGS. 10A-10B show examples of different types of nanoparticles that canbe used with the various embodiments of fluid flow evaluation systemsdescribed herein. The nanoparticles that are injected into the flow ofthe fluid in a conduit of any of the embodiments described herein caninclude a variety of different types of nanoparticles. In particular,the nanoparticles can vary by size, shape, and structure. For example,FIG. 10A shows a nanoparticle 72 that can include a magnetic core 74 anda fluorescent shell 76 enclosing the magnetic core. In one embodiment,the fluorescent shell 76 can have an emission of fluorescence inresponse to an external magnetic field applied thereto. A magnetic fieldprobe is an example of a device that can be used to manipulate and sensethe location of any nanoparticles that include a magnetic core 74 and afluorescent shell 76 enclosing the magnetic core. In another example, amagnetic device, such as an electromagnetic solenoid, can apply a strongmagnetic field that can be used to manipulate and sense thesemagnetic-based nanoparticles 72. As used herein, a strong magnetic fieldmeans a magnetic field sufficiently strong to affect the nanoparticlespresent in the fluid channels of the body. The magnetic field applied bythe magnetic field probe, the magnetic device, or the like, can be timeand/or space dependent. In an illustrative example, the magnetic fieldcan be applied in vicinity of a cancer tumor at a time when thenanoparticles travel around the location of the tumor.

FIG. 10B shows a nanoparticle 78 with a magnetic core 74 and afluorescent shell 76 enclosing the magnetic core having attachmentfeatures 80 extending from the shell that are configured to attach orbind with elements that may be present in a conduit. Examples ofattachment features 80 can include, but are not limited to, organicmolecules, such as proteins, that can bind to plaque present within thefluid channel. In a scenario in which the nanoparticles are injectedinto the biological fluid of a living body, the attachment features 80can be used to bind with antibodies of cells that may be present withinthe conduits carrying the fluid. For example, in a scenario in which thenanoparticles are used with a fluid flow evaluation system to monitorthe blood within the blood vessels of a living body, the attachmentfeatures 80 of the nanoparticle 78 can be used to bind with theantibodies that are typically present in the proximity of plaque buildupthat is typically found within the blood vessels. In another example,the attachment features 80 of the nanoparticle 78 can be configured tobind to the antibodies that are typically present in the proximity ofcancer cells. In an alternative scenario, the nanoparticles 78 can bemolecules that contain medical compounds for affecting areas within thefluid channel.

FIGS. 11A-11B show examples of the nanoparticles 72 and 78 depicted inFIGS. 10A-10B, respectively, interacting with elements in the conduits14 in which the nanoparticles are flowing through according toembodiments. In the examples illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11B, thenanoparticles 72 and 78 are shown passing through vessels 14 such asarteries that have some plaque buildup 20. In this manner, thenanoparticles 72 and 78 can be altered by a magnetic field, or radiationfor instances in which the particles do not contain a magnetic core 74and a fluorescent shell 76, to have an interaction with the antibodycells around plaque buildup. This interaction can result in a chemicalmodification of the antibody cells around plaque buildup. This type ofinteraction is also possible in other embodiments in which the conduitsare proximate cancerous cells. In either example, such modification canaffect the fluorescence of the nanoparticles (e.g., reducing theirfluorescence) which can be detected by a detector 26. As an example,this modification can appear as a reduction in the fluorescence of thenanoparticles 72, 78. The reduction of fluorescence can be used asadditional information that describes the quality of the vessels (e.g.,arteries, cells, etc.) of the living body.

FIG. 12 shows a nanoparticle 82 having medication 84 attached theretoaccording to an embodiment. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle 82 caninclude a magnetic core 74, a fluorescent shell 76 enclosing themagnetic core, attachment features 80 extending from the shell, and themedication 84 can adhere to the attachment features. The medication 84can attach or adhere to the attachment features 80 of the nanoparticle82 in one of a number approaches.

In this manner, the attachment features 80 of the nanoparticle 82 thatattach or bind with elements that may be present in a conduit and themedicine 84 can be released for activation. To this extent, themedication 84 can be targeted for delivery to specific areas within aliving body. In one example, the medication 84 can be targeted to attackcancer cells in a certain location of the body. In another example, themedication 84 can be used to reduce plaque buildup in the arteries of aperson. It is understood that there are a multitude of other examples inwhich various forms of medication at varying dosages can be incorporatedwith the nanoparticles used in any of the embodiments described herein.

FIG. 13 shows a fluid flow evaluation system 86 having nanoparticles 82with medication 84 attached thereto flowing through a conduit 14 such asa vessel within a human or animal that is activated for release by amedication activation device 88 operating in conjunction with a detector26 according to an embodiment. Although not depicted in FIG. 13, thefluid flow evaluation system 86 can include a nanoparticle injector 22configured to inject the plurality of nanoparticles 82 into thebiological fluid 12 flowing through the vessel 14 at an injection site.The nanoparticles can each have medication 84 bound to the attachmentfeatures 80 as depicted in FIG. 12.

A detector 26 located about the vessel 14 can detect a presence of thenanoparticles 82 in a location that the detector is positioned about thevessels. As noted above, the detector 26 can include a fluid withdrawingdevice that is configured to withdraw a sample portion of the biologicalfluid 12 from the flow of the fluid at the location that the detector ispositioned about the vessel 14. A radiation source can irradiate thebiological fluid 12 withdrawn by the fluid withdrawing device withradiation. In one embodiment, the radiation source can include anultraviolet radiation source that irradiates the biological fluid 12with a target ultraviolet radiation.

The detector 26 can further include a fluorescent meter that isconfigured to sense a fluorescent signal emitted from the biologicalfluid irradiated with the radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation). Thefluorescent signal is an indication that the nanoparticles 82 with theattached medication 84 are present at the location that the detector ispositioned about the vessel 14. The fluorescent meter can note a timethat the detector senses the presence of the nanoparticles 82 andmedication 84 and a shape of an impulse response signal at the time ofdetection that is representative of the injection of the nanoparticlesinto the network of vessels that the vessel 14 is associated with.

The control unit 32 which is operatively coupled to the nanoparticleinjector and the detector 26 can perform a fluorescent analysis of thebiological fluid 12 in the conduit 14. The fluorescent analysis caninclude determining a flow rate of the biological fluid 12 through thevessel 14, and the density of the nanoparticles 82 in the fluid flow atthe location that detector is positioned about the network of vessels.

The medication activation device 88 can operate in conjunction with theradiation source and the fluorescent meter components of the detector 26and the control unit 32. In particular, the medication activation device88 can activate a release of the medication 84 from the nanoparticles 82in response to the fluorescent meter determining the presence of thenanoparticles in the fluid, and the results from the fluorescentanalysis performed by the control unit 32. More specifically, themedication activation device can activate release of medication byphysical (heating and magnetic field) and/or chemical means (injectinganother medication that activates the medication 84) based on thefluorescent analysis. For instance, the medication activation device canbe activated during observation of peak of fluorescence.

In one embodiment, the medication activation device 88 can include aninfrared laser that is configured to irradiate the flow of nanoparticles82 in the conduit 14 with infrared radiation 90. Irradiating thenanoparticles 82 with the infrared radiation 90 can cause an alterationthat leads to a separation of the medication 84 from the nanoparticles82. In another embodiment, the infrared radiation 90 can be configuredto destroy the magnetic core 74 and fluorescent shell 76, leaving themedication 84 to remain in the vessel 14. In either example, themedication activation device 88 can be used to facilitate a targeteddelivery of the medication 84 from the nanoparticles 82 to specificregions within a body. As noted above, there are a multitude ofscenarios in which medication at varying dosages can be incorporatedwith the nanoparticles for targeted delivery to parts of a living bodysuch as cancerous cells or to plaque buildup 20 as depicted in FIG. 13.

Although the medication activation device 88 is described as an infraredlaser it is understood that this is only an example of one possibilityfor activating release of the medication from the nanoparticles. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that other devices and modalities canbe used to release the medication 84 from the nanoparticles 82. Otherexamples of devices that can be used to activate the release of themedication 84 from the nanoparticles 82 can include, but are not limitedto, infrared sources designed to heat the nanoparticles, the sources ofmagnetic fields, injectors of chemical compounds, and/or the like. Inone embodiment, the medication activation device 88 such as an infraredlaser, can be used in conjunction with an external magnetic field toattain a release of the medication 84 in certain a pattern and locationwithin the conduit 14. For example, the magnetic field can be used tocluster the nanoparticles (e.g., those particles with a magnetic coreand fluorescent shell) to certain points within the conduit 14. Themagnetic field can be used to cluster the nanoparticles to these pointsprior to the release of the medication 84 by the infrared laser orduring the release.

The fluid flow evaluation system 86 described in FIG. 13 illustrates oneexample in which nanoparticles with medication can be used to target aparticular delivery of the medication to within a living body. However,it is understood that there are a multitude of possibilities fordelivering medication through the use of nanoparticles injected into anyof the network of conduits and vessels associated with a living body.For example, instead of using only one type of nanoparticle asillustrated in FIG. 13, it is possible to utilize several types ofnanoparticles with each type having a different size, shape, structure,and/or medication attached thereto. In one embodiment, a first type ofnanoparticle can contain a first medication and a second type ofnanoparticle can contain the means for the releasing the firstmedication from the first type of nanoparticle. For example, the secondtype of nanoparticle can have a magnetic core that is configured to bealtered and/or modified in response to an external magnetic fieldapplied thereto. In one embodiment, the magnetic field can be used tocongregate nanoparticles of the second type at a particular location.This collection of the nanoparticles of the second at specified locationcan facilitate the release of the medication from the nanoparticles ofthe first type through chemical interaction. In another embodiment,several types of different nanoparticles can be combined at a specificlocation within a vessel or conduit of a living body to facilitate amultitude of actions on the body. For example, a first set ofnanoparticles can deliver the medicine to a specified location withinthe vessel, while the second set of nanoparticles can adhere to regionscontaining plaque.

FIG. 14 shows a schematic block diagram representative of an overallprocessing architecture of a fluid flow evaluation system 800 that isapplicable to any of the systems described herein according to anembodiment. In this embodiment, the architecture 800 is shown includinga nanoparticle injector 22 and a detector 26 for the purposes ofillustrating the interaction of some of the components that are used toevaluate a fluid flowing in a conduit.

As depicted in FIG. 14 and described herein, the fluid flow evaluationsystem 800 can include a control unit 32. In one embodiment, the controlunit 32 can be implemented as a computer system 820 including ananalysis program 830, which makes the computer system 820 operable tomanage operation of the detector(s) 26, the nanoparticle injector 22,and any other of the components that can be used in the manner describedherein. In particular, the analysis program 830 can enable the computersystem 820 to operate the components as described herein and processdata corresponding to one or more attributes regarding the components,which can be stored as data 840. The computer system 820 canindividually control each component and/or control two or more of thecomponents as a group.

In an embodiment, during an initial period of operation, the computersystem 820 can acquire data from at least one of the componentsregarding one or more attributes and generate data 840 for furtherprocessing. The computer system 820 can use the data 840 to control oneor more aspects of the components.

Furthermore, one or more aspects of the operation of the components canbe controlled or adjusted by a user 812 via an external interface I/Ocomponent 826B. The external interface I/O component 826B can include,for example, a touch screen that can selectively display user interfacecontrols, such as control dials, which can enable the user 812 to adjustone or more of: an intensity, scheduling, and/or other operationalproperties of the nanoparticle injector 22 and/or detector 26 (e.g.,operating parameters, radiation characteristics, etc.). In anembodiment, the external interface I/O component 826B could conceivablyinclude a keyboard, a plurality of buttons, a joystick-like controlmechanism, and/or the like, which can enable the user 812 to control oneor more aspects of the operation of the detector 26 and/or thenanoparticle injector 22. The external interface I/O component 826B alsocan include any combination of various output devices (e.g., an LED, avisual display), which can be operated by the computer system 820 toprovide status information pertaining to a fluid flow evaluation for useby the user 812. For example, the external interface I/O component 826Bcan include one or more LEDs for emitting a visual light for the user812. In an embodiment, the external interface I/O component 826B caninclude a speaker for providing an alarm (e.g., an auditory signal).

The computer system 820 is shown including a processing component 822(e.g., one or more processors), a storage component 824 (e.g., a storagehierarchy), an input/output (I/O) component 826A (e.g., one or more I/Ointerfaces and/or devices), and a communications pathway 828. Ingeneral, the processing component 822 executes program code, such as theanalysis program 830, which is at least partially fixed in the storagecomponent 824. While executing program code, the processing component822 can process data, which can result in reading and/or writingtransformed data from/to the storage component 824 and/or the I/Ocomponent 826A for further processing. The pathway 828 provides acommunications link between each of the components in the computersystem 820. The I/O component 826A and/or the external interface I/Ocomponent 826B can comprise one or more human I/O devices, which enablea human user 812 to interact with the computer system 820 and/or one ormore communications devices to enable a system user 812 to communicatewith the computer system 820 using any type of communications link. Tothis extent, during execution by the computer system 820, the analysisprogram 830 can manage a set of interfaces (e.g., graphical userinterface(s), application program interface, and/or the like) thatenable human and/or system users 812 to interact with the computersystem 820. Furthermore, the analysis program 830 can enable thecomputer system 820 to manage (e.g., store, retrieve, create,manipulate, organize, present, etc.) the data, such as data 840, usingany solution.

In any event, the computer system 820 can comprise one or more generalpurpose computing articles of manufacture (e.g., computing devices)capable of executing program code, such as the analysis program 830,installed thereon. As used herein, it is understood that “program code”means any collection of instructions, in any language, code or notation,that cause a computing device having an information processingcapability to perform a particular function either directly or after anycombination of the following: (a) conversion to another language, codeor notation; (b) reproduction in a different material form; and/or (c)decompression. To this extent, the analysis program 830 can be embodiedas any combination of system software and/or application software.

Furthermore, the analysis program 830 can be implemented using a set ofmodules 832. In this case, a module 832 can enable the computer system820 to perform a set of tasks used by the analysis program 830, and canbe separately developed and/or implemented apart from other portions ofthe analysis program 830. When the computer system 820 comprisesmultiple computing devices, each computing device can have only aportion of the analysis program 830 fixed thereon (e.g., one or moremodules 832). However, it is understood that the computer system 820 andthe analysis program 830 are only representative of various possibleequivalent monitoring and/or control systems that may perform a processdescribed herein with regard to the control unit, the ultravioletradiation sources and the sensors. To this extent, in other embodiments,the functionality provided by the computer system 820 and the analysisprogram 830 can be at least partially be implemented by one or morecomputing devices that include any combination of general and/orspecific purpose hardware with or without program code. In eachembodiment, the hardware and program code, if included, can be createdusing standard engineering and programming techniques, respectively.However, it is understood that the functionality described inconjunction therewith can be implemented by any type of control unit 32.For example, in another embodiment, the control unit 32 can beimplemented without any computing device, e.g., using a closed loopcircuit implementing a feedback control loop in which the outputs of oneor more sensors are used as inputs to control the operation of the fluidflow evaluation system described herein.

Regardless, when the computer system 820 includes multiple computingdevices, the computing devices can communicate over any type ofcommunications link. Furthermore, while performing a process describedherein, the computer system 820 can communicate with one or more othercomputer systems, such as the user 812, using any type of communicationslink. In either case, the communications link can comprise anycombination of various types of wired and/or wireless links; compriseany combination of one or more types of networks; and/or utilize anycombination of various types of transmission techniques and protocols.

All of the components depicted in FIG. 14 can receive power from a powercomponent 845. The power component 845 can take the form of one or morebatteries, a vibration power generator that can generate power based onmagnetic inducted oscillations or stresses developed on a piezoelectriccrystal, a wall plug for accessing electrical power supplied from agrid, and/or the like. In an embodiment, the power source can include asuper capacitor that is rechargeable. Other power components that aresuitable for use as the power component can include solar, a mechanicalenergy to electrical energy converter such as a piezoelectric crystal, arechargeable device, etc.

The foregoing description of various aspects of the invention has beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formdisclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations arepossible. Such modifications and variations that may be apparent to anindividual in the art are included within the scope of the invention asdefined by the accompanying claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A system, comprising: a detector configured todetect a binding between a set of nanoparticles and a set of biologicalelements in a fluid, wherein each nanoparticle includes a set ofattachment features configured to bind each nanoparticle to eachbiological element, the detector including: a radiation sourceconfigured to irradiate at least one portion of the fluid withradiation; and a fluorescent meter configured to measure an amount offluorescence emitted from the at least one portion of the fluidirradiated with the radiation; and a control unit configured todetermine a set of attributes corresponding to the fluid as a functionof the measured amount of fluorescence.
 22. The system of claim 21,wherein the set of attributes includes a presence of the set ofbiological elements in the at least one portion of the fluid.
 23. Thesystem of claim 21, wherein the radiation source includes an ultravioletradiation source, and wherein the control unit is further configured tocontrol a plurality of operating parameters for the ultravioletradiation source, including a wavelength of the radiation, an intensityof the radiation, a duration of the radiation, and/or the like.
 24. Thesystem of claim 21, wherein each nanoparticle in the set ofnanoparticles comprises a magnetic core and a fluorescent shellenclosing the magnetic core, the fluorescent shell having an emission offluorescence in response to the radiation emitted by the radiationsource.
 25. The system of claim 21, further comprising a nanoparticleinjector configured to inject the set of nanoparticles into the fluid,wherein the fluid is a fluid of an organism.
 26. The system of claim 25,wherein the nanoparticle injector and the detector are located in closeproximity to each other.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein thenanoparticle injector and the detector are integrated with each other asa monolithic unit.
 28. The system of claim 21, further comprising awaveguide configured to transport the radiation emitted from theradiation source to the fluid.
 29. A system, comprising: a detectorconfigured to detect a binding between a set of nanoparticles and a setof biological elements in a fluid, the detector including: anultraviolet radiation source configured to irradiate at least oneportion of the fluid with ultraviolet radiation; and a fluorescent meterconfigured to measure an amount of fluorescence emitted from the atleast one portion of the fluid irradiated with the ultravioletradiation; and a control unit configured to determine a set ofattributes corresponding to the fluid as a function of the measuredamount of fluorescence.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the set ofattributes includes a presence of the biological elements in the atleast one portion of the fluid.
 31. The system of claim 29, wherein thecontrol unit is further configured to control a plurality of operatingparameters for the ultraviolet radiation source, including a wavelengthof the radiation, an intensity of the radiation, a duration of theradiation, and/or the like.
 32. The system of claim 29, wherein awavelength range for the ultraviolet radiation is between 260 nanometersand 310 nanometers.
 33. The system of claim 29, wherein eachnanoparticle in the set of nanoparticles comprises a magnetic core and afluorescent shell enclosing the magnetic core, the fluorescent shellhaving an emission of fluorescence in response to the ultravioletradiation emitted by the ultraviolet radiation source.
 34. The system ofclaim 29, further comprising a nanoparticle injector configured toinject the set of nanoparticles into the fluid, wherein the fluid is afluid of an organism, and wherein the nanoparticle injector and thedetector are located in close proximity to each other.
 35. The system ofclaim 34, wherein the nanoparticle injector and the detector areintegrated with each other as a monolithic unit.
 36. The system of claim29, further comprising a waveguide configured to transport theultraviolet radiation emitted from the ultraviolet radiation source tothe fluid.
 37. A system, comprising: a nanoparticle injector configuredto inject a set of nanoparticles into an organism, each nanoparticlehaving: a set of attachment features configured to bind eachnanoparticle to a biological element within the organism; and afluorescent shell enclosing a magnetic core, the fluorescent shellhaving an emission of fluorescence in response to ultraviolet radiation;a detector configured to detect a binding between the set ofnanoparticles and a set of biological elements in the organism, thedetector including: an ultraviolet radiation source configured toirradiate at least one portion of the organism with ultravioletradiation; and a fluorescent meter configured to measure an amount offluorescence emitted from the at least one portion of fluid irradiatedwith the ultraviolet radiation; and a control unit configured todetermine a set of attributes corresponding to the organism as afunction of the measured amount of fluorescence, the set of attributesincluding the presence of the nanoparticles in the fluid.
 38. The systemof claim 37, wherein a wavelength range for the ultraviolet radiation isbetween 260 nanometers and 310 nanometers.
 39. The system of claim 37,wherein the nanoparticle injector and the detector are located in closeproximity to each other.
 40. The system of claim 37, further comprisinga waveguide configured to transport the ultraviolet radiation emittedfrom the ultraviolet radiation source to the organism